For researchers • Not medical advice

GLP Researcher Resources

Reference material for researchers working with GLP-1 family peptides. Glossary, reconstitution math, storage guidance, and dosing protocols from published clinical trials.

GLP glossary

Plain-language definitions of the terms used across our product pages.

GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1): An incretin hormone naturally produced in the gut. Slows gastric emptying, regulates appetite, and increases insulin response after meals. Target of Semaglutide.
GIP (Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide): A second incretin hormone, also released from the gut. Works alongside GLP-1 to regulate insulin response and energy storage. Target of Tirzepatide alongside GLP-1.
Glucagon: A hormone that raises blood glucose and increases energy expenditure. The third receptor target added by Retatrutide on top of GLP-1 and GIP.
Incretin: A class of metabolic hormones released by the gut in response to food intake. GLP-1 and GIP are the two main human incretins.
Single / Dual / Triple agonist: How many receptors a peptide activates. Semaglutide is a single agonist (GLP-1 only). Tirzepatide is dual (GLP-1 + GIP). Retatrutide is triple (GLP-1 + GIP + Glucagon).
Vial: A sealed glass container holding lyophilised (freeze-dried) peptide powder. Requires reconstitution with bacteriostatic water before use.
Pen: A pre-filled injector device containing peptide already reconstituted and ready to dose. Click-to-dose mechanism, no mixing required.
Bacteriostatic water (BAC water): Sterile water with 0.9% benzyl alcohol added to inhibit bacterial growth. The standard diluent for reconstituting research peptides.
Subcutaneous injection: An injection delivered into the layer of fat just beneath the skin. Standard route for all three GLP weight management peptides in published trials.
Half-life: The time it takes for half of an administered dose to be cleared from the body. All three GLP weight management peptides have a long half-life of approximately one week, enabling once-weekly dosing.
Reconstitution: The process of dissolving lyophilised peptide powder in bacteriostatic water. The volume of water used determines the final concentration per unit.
IU (International Unit): A unit on insulin syringes. 100 IU = 1 mL on a standard U-100 insulin syringe. Useful for measuring small volumes after reconstitution.

Reconstitution reference

Concentration per IU after adding bacteriostatic water to a vial. Standard U-100 insulin syringe assumed (100 IU = 1 mL).

Vial size	BAC water added	Concentration	Volume per 1 mg	Volume per 2.5 mg
5 mg	2 mL	2.5 mg / mL	40 IU	100 IU
5 mg	1 mL	5 mg / mL	20 IU	50 IU
10 mg	2 mL	5 mg / mL	20 IU	50 IU
10 mg	1 mL	10 mg / mL	10 IU	25 IU
30 mg	3 mL	10 mg / mL	10 IU	25 IU

Reconstitution math is dose-protocol dependent. Less water gives higher concentration and smaller injection volume; more water gives lower concentration and easier measurement of small doses. Both options are valid for research; the right choice depends on the dosing schedule being studied.

Pens arrive pre-reconstituted at the manufacturer's chosen concentration. Refer to the pen labelling for the exact dose-per-click step.

Storage & shipping

How to keep lab-verified peptides intact in the Indonesian climate.

Unopened vials and pens: store at 2-8 °C (refrigerated). Pre-reconstitution shelf life is typically 18-24 months from manufacture date.

After reconstitution: refrigerate at 2-8 °C. Stability is generally accepted at 28 days post-reconstitution, though some research protocols extend this with bacteriostatic water.

Avoid: freezing (degrades the peptide), prolonged exposure to room temperature above 25 °C, and direct sunlight.

Shipping: all GLP+ orders ship with cold-chain packaging and gel packs. Upon delivery, transfer to a refrigerator within one hour for best results.

Published dosing protocols

The actual doses used in the Phase 2/3 clinical trials our compound pages cite.

Compound	Trial	Frequency	Dose range studied	Reference
Semaglutide	STEP-1	Once weekly SC	2.4 mg target (titrated)	NEJM 2021
Tirzepatide	SURMOUNT-1	Once weekly SC	5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg (titrated)	NEJM 2022
Retatrutide	Phase 2 (Jastreboff et al.)	Once weekly SC	1, 4, 8, 12 mg (titrated)	NEJM 2023
Retatrutide	TRIUMPH-1 Phase 3 (May 2026)	Once weekly SC	4, 9, 12 mg (titrated to target)	Lilly 2026

All protocols above started at a lower dose and titrated upwards over 4-8 weeks to reduce gastrointestinal side effects observed in early trials. GLP+ does not provide dosing recommendations; the above summarises what was studied in the cited published trials.

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